Unit #4- Key Questions What triumphs and setbacks have the Jews experienced in their history?
What triumphs and setbacks have the Arabs experienced in their history?
What roles have the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire played in the Middle East?
Why are all the competing claims of Arabs and Jews to the land of Palestine?
How have twentieth century wars shaped the modern Middle East?
What are the current obstacles to peace in the Middle East?
Unit #4 Key Concepts Biblical History of the Jews
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
Ottoman and British Rule in the Middle East
Twentieth Century Wars in the Middle East
Competing Claims to Palestine
Obstacles to Peace in the Middle East
The Middle East: Land
I. Land
A. Designation- what's the location?
1. western classification: Middle East.
2.South West Asia.
B. Definitions
1. Arabs are an ethnic group which speaks Arabic, identifies with Arab causes (notably the Palestinian desire for nationhood) and embraces Arab traditions and culture (religion and language). NOT A NATIONALITY. 2. Jews are an ethnic group which traces its roots to the ME before the diaspora (where Jews scattered to "Four Corners of the Earth"). Jews are also a religous group committed to practicing Judaism. Jews may be one OR the other OR both.
3. Other ethnic groups: Turks, Persians, Afghans. Religous ethnic groups : Moslem.
C. Dimensions:Northern most: Turkey, Southern most: Somalia, Western most: Morrocco, Eastern most: Afganistan
D. Divisions: North Africa and Southwest Asia
II. Language
A. The Arab World speaks Arabic
1. When translated, Arabic words are spelled many ways
2. Read Arabic right to left
3. Script is "squiggles" and "dots"
4. Koran/Quran, Moslem/Muslim, Muhammad/Mohammed
B. Other ME Languages
Ex. hebrew, turkish, amharic.
C. Zionism: belief that an independent country should be made for Jews in Palestine (Israel)
anti- Semitism: dislike for Jews
anti- Zionism: belief that there should not be an independent country for Jews in Palestine
A. The Ancient Middle East: Beginnings of River Civilizations
I. Two Civilizations in the Nile River Valley A. Egypt - The 5 P’s
Pyramids- political, sociological, and cultural
Pharaohs- political
Papyrus- political, economic, sociological, and cultural
Plants- economic (agriculture)
Polytheism- cultural B. Kush - The 6 M’s
Meroe (capital)- P,E
Metal Working- E
Military -P
Monarchy- P
Manufacturing- E
Maritime -E
II. Two Civilizations in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley A. Sumer
P- city states (soverign city), headed by king
E- agriculture, inter-continental trade, surplus farming
S- patriarchal (male dominant socitey), veiling women
C- writing (cuneiform), religion (polytheism: mostly animists) builders of Ziggurats
B. Babylonia
P- famous king- Hammurabi, worlds most ancient code of laws, if you do something bad, something bad will happen to you, specific conditions
E- suprlus farming, inter-contiental trade
S- patriarchal, slaves on bottom
C- language, polytheism, hanging gardens
III. One Civilization in the Jordan River Valley A. Abram/Abraham Story 1. Abraham leaves his father’s land in Tigris-Euphrates River valley- sent by God 2. Abraham’s descendants will be the chosen people entitled to the promised land- God promises him this if he leaves 3. Ishmael/Ismail Story- son of Hagar, Abraham's slave girl, descendants promised the land- Muslims 4. Isaac Story- son of Sarah, Abrahams wife, descendants also are promised the land- Jews B. Moses Story 1. Birth + Adoption- Born Hebrew and adopted by the pharoahs to be raised 2. Murder & Escape & Theophany (Burning Bush)- Murders an Egyptian that was beating up a hebrew, escapes the city and sees God in the burning bush who tells him to free his people 3. Mission & Plagues & Passover & Exodus (Red Sea)- finally leads the Jews out of Egypt and parts the Red Sea 4. Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai
C. Reconquest of the Promised Land (Joshua & the Judges) and Covenant at Shechem
D. United Kingdom of Saul, David, and Solomon & Building of the Temple- Solomon builds the temple for the Ark of the Covenant E. Warnings of the Prophets- Prophets humble the kings who are straying from Judaism and disobeying the ten Ten Commandments
F. Conquest by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans---First Destruction of Temple 1. Secular Explanation- geopolitical- wanted to obtain the crossroads between continents for their empire 2. Religious Explanation- the people have lived in times of prosperity for too long and have not been following the Ten Commandments
B. Middle East 0-1500 ‘The Arab Golden Age
I. Last Days of the Roman Empire A. Pax Romana
Roman Peace
No outside enemies, could travel safely
Everyone was united under one government
B. The 2nd Destruction of the Temple and Jewish Diaspora
Final time the temple was destroyed, by the Romans
Diaspora, meaning scatter, is used to describe the time when the Jews scattered to the "4 corners of the Earth" to escape persecution.
C. Masada and Masada Complex
Masada was a fort built by an Israelite King where Jews escaped to and hid during the Roman seige
When the Romans where about to take the fort, all the Jews hiding there killed themselves.
Masada Complex is a state of mind, thinking it was better for the Jews to kill themselves than be conquered and brought back into slavery.
II. The Beginnings of Islam A. Life of Muhammad 1. Call from Allah through Angel Gabriel 2. Hegira (Hijra) to Medina
Muhammad was kicked out of Mecca by influential businessmen there and he fled to Medina to spread the word of Allah.
3. Return to Mecca & Dedication of Kaaba
Muhammad returned to Mecca later and rededicated the temple of Kaaba because the people there were worshipping false idols and worshipping idols is forbidden in Islam.
B. Koran Class 1. Surah 1 2. Surah 5 3. Surah 19 4. Surah 28
C. Key Concepts of Islam 1. Theology
Monotheistic- there is only one god, Allah.
The world is real, a Muslim's duty on Earth is to serve God.
Heaven, for rule followers, Hell, for rule breakers.
Must follow the rules of the religion
Believe in prophets
2. Ethics: 5 Pillars
Shahadah(the Creed)-There is only one god, Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.
Salat(Prayer)-Individually 5 times a day facing the Kaaba in Mecca, and in a Mosque once a week, Friday
Zakat(Charity)-giving to those less fortunate
Ramadan-Fasting during daylight hours for the month of Ramadan.
Hajj(Pilgrimage)-Journey to Mecca every Moslem must make at least once in their life.
3. Liturgy 4. Branches 1. Sunni 2. Shi’ite
III. The Abbasid Caliphate A. Stable Political System B. Productive Economic System C. Organized Sociological System D. Thriving Culture
IV. The Crusades (10) A. Pope Urban II’s Goal B. Saladin’s Resistance C. Jews Were Victims Too
V. Key Battles of Islam A. Tours in 732 B. Talas in 751 C. Driven from Spain in 1492
C. Middle East 1500-1800: The Ottoman Empire
I. In the Beginning: A Splendid Superpower A. Headquartered in Constantinople B. Governed by Sultans (Theocrats) like Suleimann the Magnificent
-Assisted by "People of the Pen" (Pashas) and "People of the Sword" (Janissaries.)
Intercontinental trade with Asia, Europe, and Africa
Slavery
Sociological
Landowners were on top, slaves were on the bottom
Turks were on top, everyone else was on the bottom
Harem- kept women captive, guarded by eunuchs
II. As Time Wore On: “The Sick Man in Europe” A. Weakening of Centripetal Force 1. “Incarcerated” Sons of Sultans 2. Palace Intrigue & Alcoholism
-The Sultans became increasingly greedy and paranoid. They didn't trust anyone, even their own family. B. Strengthening of Centrifugal Force 1. Nationalism 2. Poaching by the Other Superpowers
D. Middle East in the 19th Century: The Beginnings of Zionism
I. The Ottoman Empire as the Sick Man of Europe A. Corrupt and Incompetent Sultans B. Restless Minorities with Nationalistic Aspirations
II. From “Russia with Hate”: The Story of Rabinsky Brothers A. Where? B. When? C. What Happened?
III. A Trial in France A. Alfred Dreyfus B. Theodore Herzl
E.The Middle East in the 20th Century: Zionism in Arabia I.Situation in Palestine in 1901
II. Impact of WWI on the Middle East A.Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
B. Arabs and Jews of Palestine's Fight with Great Britain against Ottoman Empire 1. McMahon Letter 2. Balfour Letter 3. Sykes-Picot Agreement
C. League of Nations Mandates
III. Impact of WWII
A.Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers B.Two Theatres C. The Holocaust 1. Why did it occur? 2. What were the stages? 3. Why did so few Jews resist? 4. Why did the rest of the world do so little to stop it? 5. What were the consequences? 6. Can it happen again?
IV. The Situation in Palestine in 1946
V. Great Britain Relinquishes Mandate for Palestine A. WWII Devastation in GB, money needed for Reconstruction at home B. Problems with Hindu-Moslem Tension in British India C. British losing lives and money in Policing Palestine (GB’s Vietnam)
VI. United Nations considers Palestine Problem A. Competing Claims to Palestine B. Partition or Not? C. UN Vote
Cambodia unit
Cambodia and Vietnam:2 victims of the cold war
l. The past is prologue-history repeates itself
A. Both were victims of French imperialism in period D
1. Things fall apart
P.cambodian monarchy is replaced by french government
E. forced industrialization-changed the currency-went from subsistance to surplus farming-french controled the markets
S. outcasts are now on top (the converted to christianity and spoke french)
C. from buddahism to christianity-native language to french
2. The "frenchified" vietnamese and cambodians
B. Both were victims of japenese imperialism in period E 1. japenese portrayed themselves as saviors w/ the slogan, "asia for asians"
2. Japanese were really exploiters of natural resources, human resources(labor) and markets (consumers)
C. Both were re-colonized by the french after wwll
1. french educated, christian elite favored--top 10%
2."uneducated", buddahist masses ignored
D.
Unit #4- Key Questions
What triumphs and setbacks have the Jews experienced in their history?
What triumphs and setbacks have the Arabs experienced in their history?
What roles have the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire played in the Middle East?
Why are all the competing claims of Arabs and Jews to the land of Palestine?
How have twentieth century wars shaped the modern Middle East?
What are the current obstacles to peace in the Middle East?
Unit #4 Key Concepts
Biblical History of the Jews
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
Ottoman and British Rule in the Middle East
Twentieth Century Wars in the Middle East
Competing Claims to Palestine
Obstacles to Peace in the Middle East
The Middle East: Land
I. Land
A. Designation- what's the location?
1. western classification: Middle East.
2.South West Asia.
B. Definitions
1. Arabs are an ethnic group which speaks Arabic, identifies with Arab causes (notably the Palestinian desire for nationhood) and embraces Arab traditions and culture (religion and language). NOT A NATIONALITY.
2. Jews are an ethnic group which traces its roots to the ME before the diaspora (where Jews scattered to "Four Corners of the Earth"). Jews are also a religous group committed to practicing Judaism. Jews may be one OR the other OR both.
3. Other ethnic groups: Turks, Persians, Afghans. Religous ethnic groups : Moslem.
C. Dimensions: Northern most: Turkey, Southern most: Somalia, Western most: Morrocco, Eastern most: Afganistan
D. Divisions: North Africa and Southwest Asia
II. Language
A. The Arab World speaks Arabic
1. When translated, Arabic words are spelled many ways
2. Read Arabic right to left
3. Script is "squiggles" and "dots"
4. Koran/Quran, Moslem/Muslim, Muhammad/Mohammed
B. Other ME Languages
Ex. hebrew, turkish, amharic.
C. Zionism: belief that an independent country should be made for Jews in Palestine (Israel)
anti- Semitism: dislike for Jews
anti- Zionism: belief that there should not be an independent country for Jews in Palestine
A. The Ancient Middle East: Beginnings of River Civilizations
I. Two Civilizations in the Nile River Valley
A. Egypt - The 5 P’s
Pyramids- political, sociological, and cultural
Pharaohs- political
Papyrus- political, economic, sociological, and cultural
Plants- economic (agriculture)
Polytheism- cultural
B. Kush - The 6 M’s
Meroe (capital)- P,E
Metal Working- E
Military -P
Monarchy- P
Manufacturing- E
Maritime -E
II. Two Civilizations in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
A. Sumer
P- city states (soverign city), headed by king
E- agriculture, inter-continental trade, surplus farming
S- patriarchal (male dominant socitey), veiling women
C- writing (cuneiform), religion (polytheism: mostly animists) builders of Ziggurats
B. Babylonia
P- famous king- Hammurabi, worlds most ancient code of laws, if you do something bad, something bad will happen to you, specific conditions
E- suprlus farming, inter-contiental trade
S- patriarchal, slaves on bottom
C- language, polytheism, hanging gardens
III. One Civilization in the Jordan River Valley
A. Abram/Abraham Story
1. Abraham leaves his father’s land in Tigris-Euphrates River valley- sent by God
2. Abraham’s descendants will be the chosen people entitled to the promised land- God promises him this if he leaves
3. Ishmael/Ismail Story- son of Hagar, Abraham's slave girl, descendants promised the land- Muslims
4. Isaac Story- son of Sarah, Abrahams wife, descendants also are promised the land- Jews
B. Moses Story
1. Birth + Adoption- Born Hebrew and adopted by the pharoahs to be raised
2. Murder & Escape & Theophany (Burning Bush)- Murders an Egyptian that was beating up a hebrew, escapes the city and sees God in the burning bush who tells him to free his people
3. Mission & Plagues & Passover & Exodus (Red Sea)- finally leads the Jews out of Egypt and parts the Red Sea
4. Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai
C. Reconquest of the Promised Land (Joshua & the Judges) and Covenant at Shechem
D. United Kingdom of Saul, David, and Solomon & Building of the Temple- Solomon builds the temple for the Ark of the Covenant
E. Warnings of the Prophets- Prophets humble the kings who are straying from Judaism and disobeying the ten Ten Commandments
F. Conquest by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans --- First Destruction of Temple
1. Secular Explanation- geopolitical- wanted to obtain the crossroads between continents for their empire
2. Religious Explanation- the people have lived in times of prosperity for too long and have not been following the Ten Commandments
B. Middle East 0-1500 ‘The Arab Golden Age
I. Last Days of the Roman Empire
A. Pax Romana
- Roman Peace
- No outside enemies, could travel safely
- Everyone was united under one government
B. The 2nd Destruction of the Temple and Jewish Diaspora- Final time the temple was destroyed, by the Romans
- Diaspora, meaning scatter, is used to describe the time when the Jews scattered to the "4 corners of the Earth" to escape persecution.
C. Masada and Masada ComplexII. The Beginnings of Islam
A. Life of Muhammad
1. Call from Allah through Angel Gabriel
2. Hegira (Hijra) to Medina
- Muhammad was kicked out of Mecca by influential businessmen there and he fled to Medina to spread the word of Allah.
3. Return to Mecca & Dedication of Kaaba- Muhammad returned to Mecca later and rededicated the temple of Kaaba because the people there were worshipping false idols and worshipping idols is forbidden in Islam.
B. Koran Class1. Surah 1
2. Surah 5
3. Surah 19
4. Surah 28
C. Key Concepts of Islam
1. Theology
- Monotheistic- there is only one god, Allah.
- The world is real, a Muslim's duty on Earth is to serve God.
- Heaven, for rule followers, Hell, for rule breakers.
- Must follow the rules of the religion
- Believe in prophets
2. Ethics: 5 Pillars- Shahadah(the Creed)-There is only one god, Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.
- Salat(Prayer)-Individually 5 times a day facing the Kaaba in Mecca, and in a Mosque once a week, Friday
- Zakat(Charity)-giving to those less fortunate
- Ramadan-Fasting during daylight hours for the month of Ramadan.
- Hajj(Pilgrimage)-Journey to Mecca every Moslem must make at least once in their life.
3. Liturgy4. Branches
1. Sunni
2. Shi’ite
III. The Abbasid Caliphate
A. Stable Political System
B. Productive Economic System
C. Organized Sociological System
D. Thriving Culture
IV. The Crusades (10)
A. Pope Urban II’s Goal
B. Saladin’s Resistance
C. Jews Were Victims Too
V. Key Battles of Islam
A. Tours in 732
B. Talas in 751
C. Driven from Spain in 1492
C. Middle East 1500-1800: The Ottoman Empire
I. In the Beginning: A Splendid Superpower
A. Headquartered in Constantinople
B. Governed by Sultans (Theocrats) like Suleimann the Magnificent
-Assisted by "People of the Pen" (Pashas) and "People of the Sword" (Janissaries.)
Slavery
Turks were on top, everyone else was on the bottom
Harem- kept women captive, guarded by eunuchs
II. As Time Wore On: “The Sick Man in Europe”
A. Weakening of Centripetal Force
1. “Incarcerated” Sons of Sultans
2. Palace Intrigue & Alcoholism
-The Sultans became increasingly greedy and paranoid. They didn't trust anyone, even their own family.
B. Strengthening of Centrifugal Force
1. Nationalism
2. Poaching by the Other Superpowers
D. Middle East in the 19th Century: The Beginnings of Zionism
I. The Ottoman Empire as the Sick Man of Europe
A. Corrupt and Incompetent Sultans
B. Restless Minorities with Nationalistic Aspirations
II. From “Russia with Hate”: The Story of Rabinsky Brothers
A. Where?
B. When?
C. What Happened?
III. A Trial in France
A. Alfred Dreyfus
B. Theodore Herzl
E. The Middle East in the 20th Century: Zionism in Arabia
I. Situation in Palestine in 1901
II. Impact of WWI on the Middle East
A. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
B. Arabs and Jews of Palestine's Fight with Great Britain against Ottoman Empire
1. McMahon Letter
2. Balfour Letter
3. Sykes-Picot Agreement
C. League of Nations Mandates
III. Impact of WWII
A. Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
B. Two Theatres
C. The Holocaust
1. Why did it occur?
2. What were the stages?
3. Why did so few Jews resist?
4. Why did the rest of the world do so little to stop it?
5. What were the consequences?
6. Can it happen again?
IV. The Situation in Palestine in 1946
V. Great Britain Relinquishes Mandate for Palestine
A. WWII Devastation in GB, money needed for Reconstruction at home
B. Problems with Hindu-Moslem Tension in British India
C. British losing lives and money in Policing Palestine (GB’s Vietnam)
VI. United Nations considers Palestine Problem
A. Competing Claims to Palestine
B. Partition or Not?
C. UN Vote
Cambodia unit
Cambodia and Vietnam:2 victims of the cold war
l. The past is prologue-history repeates itself
A. Both were victims of French imperialism in period D
1. Things fall apart
P.cambodian monarchy is replaced by french government
E. forced industrialization-changed the currency-went from subsistance to surplus farming-french controled the markets
S. outcasts are now on top (the converted to christianity and spoke french)
C. from buddahism to christianity-native language to french
2. The "frenchified" vietnamese and cambodians
B. Both were victims of japenese imperialism in period E
1. japenese portrayed themselves as saviors w/ the slogan, "asia for asians"
2. Japanese were really exploiters of natural resources, human resources(labor) and markets (consumers)
C. Both were re-colonized by the french after wwll
1. french educated, christian elite favored--top 10%
2."uneducated", buddahist masses ignored
D.